{"id":4645,"date":"2018-01-23T14:35:39","date_gmt":"2018-01-23T14:35:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645"},"modified":"2020-10-23T15:57:02","modified_gmt":"2020-10-23T15:57:02","slug":"elmer-rock-groynes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645","title":{"rendered":"Elmer Rock Groynes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The old wooden groynes at Elmer proved ineffective in maintaining the shingle beach. In order to address the problem offshore breakwaters were installed. The shore defences at Elmer are examples of these breakwaters (see <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sdcg.org.uk\/sdcg_right2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">South Downs Coastal Group<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"\/\/?attachment_id=4675\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4675\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"575\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2.jpg\" alt=\"Elmer: Aerial view east\" class=\"wp-image-4675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2-768x520.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2-443x300.jpg 443w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Elmer: Aerial view east<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This approach as been used to stabilise the coastline at a number of places in the UK including Leasowe Bay on the Wirral, Monk\u2019s Bay on the Isle of Wight, between Happisburgh and Winterton in Norfolk, and at Elmer, West Sussex. The bulk of the work was carried out 1992\/3 involving 200,000 cubic metres of shingle and 100,000 tonnes of rock.<br>\r\n            \r\n            \r\n            \r\n            <a name='map11'><\/a>\r\n            \r\n            \r\n            \r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"wpgmza_map \"  id=\"wpgmza_map_11\" style=\"display:block; overflow:auto; width:100%; height:400px; float:left;\" data-settings='{\"id\":\"11\",\"map_title\":\"Elmer Rock 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id=\"wpgmza_show_options_11\" mapid=\"11\">\n\t\t\t\tshow options\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<a href=\"javascript:;\" class=\"wpgmza-hide-directions-options\" id=\"wpgmza_hide_options_11\" mapid=\"11\">\n\t\t\t\thide options\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpgmza-directions-options wpgmza-form-field wpgmza-form-field--no-pad wpgmza_dir_options\">\n\t\t\t\t<label class=\"class\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" class=\"wpgmza-avoid-tolls\" value=\"tolls\" name=\"wpgmza_tolls_11\" id=\"wpgmza_tolls_11\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAvoid Tolls\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t<label class=\"class\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" class=\"wpgmza-avoid-highways\" value=\"highways\" name=\"wpgmza_highways_11\" id=\"wpgmza_highways_11\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAvoid Highways\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t<label class=\"class\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" class=\"wpgmza-avoid-ferries\" value=\"ferries\" name=\"wpgmza_ferries_11\" id=\"wpgmza_ferries_11\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAvoid Ferries\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"wpgmza-directions-buttons wpgmza-form-field wpgmaps_to_row\">\n\t\t<input class=\"wpgmza-get-directions wpgmaps_get_directions\" onclick=\"javascript: ;\" type=\"button\" value=\"Go\" id=\"11\"><span class=\"wpgmza-directions-result__buttons\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"wpgmza-print-directions\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"javascript: ;\" mapid=\"11\">\n\t\t\t\tPrint directions\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<a class=\"wpgmza-reset-directions\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"javascript: ;\" mapid=\"11\">\n\t\t\t\tReset directions\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"wpgmaps_directions_notification_11\" style=\"display:none;\">Fetching directions......<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"wpgmaps_directions_reset_11\" style=\"display:none;\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href='javascript:void(0)' onclick='wpgmza_reset_directions(11);' id='wpgmaps_reset_directions' title='Reset directions'>Reset directions<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href='javascript: ;' id='wpgmaps_print_directions_11' target='_blank' title='Print directions'>Print directions<\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"directions_panel_11\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div><br>Each \u2018breakwater\u2019 is created by forming \u2018reefs\u2019 from mounds of rubble and represent a simple design solution for the stabilisation of the renourished frontage at Elmer. The breakwaters reduce wave energy in the lee of the structures allowing the beach to evolve into a responsive barrier stopping the sea from overtopping the old seawall with subsequent flooding but allowing some littoral drift to carry on. Sand and gravel salients (coastal formation of beach material resulting from wave refraction and diffraction) have formed in the lee of each breakwater separated by broad embayments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft\"><a href=\"\/\/?attachment_id=4665\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4665\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer2_15april2012s.jpg\" alt=\"Elmer rock groyne looking west\" class=\"wp-image-4665\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Elmer rock groyne looking west<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drift is reduced considerably compared to the open coast, but studies have demonstrated that some sediment may pass through the scheme at the salients. The salient and bay systems developed to a greater degree than was originally anticipated and some remedial works have been required. By 2001 the scheme had very effectively intercepted drift from the west and a wide stable foreshore has formed along this sector.<br>For further information see: <a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.510.7019&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ecological impact of coastal defense structures on sediment and mobile fauna...&nbsp;<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=2vaHgOuUEtIC&amp;pg=PA93&amp;lpg=PA93&amp;dq=elmer+breakwaters&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=uuQRF_iGI0&amp;sig=IaUvA8rUk5mtCu0bjXmEvc1tz-Q&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwioqbahiO7YAhVGBsAKHcAhAVEQ6AEITDAI#v=onepage&amp;q=elmer%20breakwaters&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Advances in Coastal Structures...<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4300022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Application of Offshore Breakwaters to the UK: A Case Study at Elmer Beach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sponges<\/strong><br><em>Halichondria panicea<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Breadcrumb sponge<br><em>Dysidea&nbsp; fragilis<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Goosebump sponge<br><strong>Cnidaria<\/strong><br><em>Actinia equina&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Beadlet anemone&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Both red and green varieties<br><em>Anemonia viridis<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Snakelocks anemone&nbsp;&nbsp; Both green \/ purple and grey varieties<br><em>Actinothoe sphyrodeta<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp;Sandaled anemone&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; White anemone in deep crevices<br><em>Sertularia<\/em> sp&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Whiteweed<br><em>Dynamena pumila&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;a seafir<br><em>Kirchenpaueria pinnata<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;a seafir<br><strong>Worms<\/strong><br><em>Lanice conchilega&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sand mason<br><em>Arenicola marina<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Lugworm<br><em>Spirorbis<\/em> sp&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Spiral worm<br><em>Eulalia vividis&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Green&nbsp; leafworm,&nbsp; &nbsp;eggs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer1_15april2012s.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteer surveyors\" data-id=\"4667\" class=\"wp-image-4667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer1_15april2012s.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer1_15april2012s-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer1_15april2012s-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer1_15april2012s-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer4_15april2012s.jpg\" alt=\"Intent surveyors\" data-id=\"4664\" class=\"wp-image-4664\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer4_15april2012s.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer4_15april2012s-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer4_15april2012s-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer4_15april2012s-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool1_15april2012s.jpg\" alt=\"Shallow pool lined with encrusting pink algae, coral weed , oyster thief and mussels\" data-id=\"4663\" class=\"wp-image-4663\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool1_15april2012s.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool1_15april2012s-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool1_15april2012s-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool1_15april2012s-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool2_15april2012s.jpg\" alt=\"Shallow pool lined with encrusting pink algae, coral weed , oyster thief, mussels and limpets\" data-id=\"4662\" class=\"wp-image-4662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool2_15april2012s.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool2_15april2012s-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool2_15april2012s-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer5pool2_15april2012s-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer6pool215april2012s.jpg\" alt=\"Pool between rocks with red filamentous algae\" data-id=\"4661\" class=\"wp-image-4661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer6pool215april2012s.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer6pool215april2012s-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer6pool215april2012s-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-Elmer6pool215april2012s-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"638\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-mixed.jpg\" alt=\"Exposed rock and pool with encrusting pink algae, barnacles etc\" data-id=\"4659\" class=\"wp-image-4659\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-mixed.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-mixed-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-mixed-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-mixed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"826\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum9_elmer15April2012.jpg\" alt=\"Cumacean, hooded shrimp\" data-id=\"4668\" class=\"wp-image-4668\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum9_elmer15April2012.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum9_elmer15April2012-300x292.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum9_elmer15April2012-768x746.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum9_elmer15April2012-309x300.jpg 309w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"548\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum2_elmer15April2012.jpg\" alt=\"Cumacean, hooded shrimp\" data-id=\"4670\" class=\"wp-image-4670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum2_elmer15April2012.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum2_elmer15April2012-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum2_elmer15April2012-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum2_elmer15April2012-465x300.jpg 465w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"384\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum8_elmer15April2012.jpg\" alt=\"Cumacean, hooded shrimp\" data-id=\"4669\" class=\"wp-image-4669\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum8_elmer15April2012.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum8_elmer15April2012-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum8_elmer15April2012-768x347.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-cum8_elmer15April2012-500x226.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Molluscs<\/strong><br><em>Crepidula fornicata&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Slipper limpet<br><em>Gibbula cineraria<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Grey top shell<br><em>Gibbula umbilicalis&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Purple top shell<br><em>Littorina saxatilis<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Rough winkle<br><em>Littorina littorea<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Edible winkle<br><em>Nucella lapillus<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Dog whelk<br><em>Patella vulgata<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Limpet<br><em>Pholas dactylus<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Piddock, holes<br><em>Buccinum undatum<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Common whelk,&nbsp; eggs; drift only<br><em>Mytillus edulis<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Blue mussel<br><strong>Crustacea<\/strong><br><em>Carcinas maenas<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shore crab<br>Austrominius modestus&nbsp; &nbsp; Darwin\u2019s barnacle<br><em>Pagurus bernhardus<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hermit crab<br><em>Palaemon elegans<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A prawn<br><strong>Bryozoa<\/strong><br><em>Electra pilosa<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Frosty sea mat<br><em>Bugula<\/em> sp<br><strong>Sea squirts<\/strong><br><em>Styela clava&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Leathery sea squirt, drift only<br><em>Corella eumyota<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a sea squirt<br><em>Ascidiella<\/em> sp.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;a sea squirt, drift only<br><strong>Fish<\/strong><br>Juvenile flatfish&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ? <em>Pleuronectes platessa<\/em>, Plaice<br>Fish fry<br><em>Scyliorhinus canicula<\/em>&nbsp; Lesser spotted dogfish\/Cat Shark, eggcase<br>Ray&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; eggcases<br><strong>Seaweeds\/algae<\/strong><br><em>Saccharina latissima&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp; Sugar kelp<br><em>Enteromorpha<\/em> sp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gutweed<br><em>Ulva lactuca&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sea lettuce<br><em>Fucus serratus<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Serrated wrack<br><em>Fucus vesiculosus<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bladderwrack<br><em>Chondrus crispus<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Irish Moss<br><em>Corallina officinalis<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Coralweed<br><em>Hildenbrandia<\/em> sp<br>Crustose pink algae&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; various species<br><em>Furcellaria lumbricus&nbsp;<\/em> &nbsp; Clawed Fork Weed<br><em>Colpomenia peregrina<\/em>&nbsp; Oyster Thief&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * interesting record<br><em>Mastocarous stellatus<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp;Grape Pip Weed, drift only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Should you wish to contact me:<br>    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">      function contactformOnload2() {        if (navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf('msie') != -1) {          if (parseInt(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().split('msie')[1]) === 8) {            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!important;}.contactform2 .wdform_percentage_text {margin: 3px 5px 3px 9px;color: #FFF;font-size: 12px;}.contactform2 .wdform_percentage_title {\tcolor: #6E6E6E;\tfont-style: italic;\tmargin: 0px 0px 0px 40px;\tdisplay: inline-block;\tline-height: 27px;\theight: 27px;\tvertical-align: middle;}.contactform2 .wdform_button button {\tbackground: #4D792C;\tcursor: pointer;\tfont-size: 17px;\tborder-radius: 0px;\tmin-width: 80px;\tmin-height: 31px;\tcolor: #fff;\tborder: 2px solid #68943B;\tmargin: 5px;\tbox-shadow: 0px 0px 2px #c9c9c9;\tfont-family: Segoe UI;}.contactform2 <\/style><form name=\"contactform2\" action=\"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F4645\" method=\"post\" id=\"contactform2\" class=\"contactform2\" enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\" onsubmit=\"check_required('submit', '2'); return false;\">      <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"counter2\" value=\"34\" name=\"counter2\" \/>      <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"Itemid2\" value=\"\" name=\"Itemid2\" \/>    <input type=\"text\" class=\"cfm-hide\" id=\"cfm_bot_validation2\" value=\"\" name=\"cfm_bot_validation2\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"cfm_nonce2\" name=\"cfm_nonce2\" value=\"ceb4588eda\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F4645\" \/><div class=\"wdform-page-and-images\" style=\"display:table; border-top:0px solid black;\"><div id=\"2contactform_view1\" class=\"wdform_page\" page_title=\"Untitled page\" next_title=\"Next\" next_type=\"text\" next_class=\"wdform-page-button\" next_checkable=\"false\" previous_title=\"Previous\" previous_type=\"text\" previous_class=\"wdform-page-button\" previous_checkable=\"false\"><div class=\"wdform_section\"><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><\/div><div wdid=\"1\" type=\"type_section_break\" class=\"wdform_tr_section_break\"><div type=\"type_section_break\" class=\"wdform-field-section-break\"><div class=\"wdform_section_break\"><p>You can use this form to contact me:<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wdform_section\"><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><div wdid=\"3\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 1;\"><div type=\"type_name\" class=\"wdform-field\"  style=\"width:460px\"><div class=\"wdform-label-section\" style=\"float: left;; width: 100px;\"><span class=\"wdform-label\">Name:<\/span><span class=\"wdform-required\">*<\/span><\/div>              <div class=\"wdform-element-section \" style=\" width: 360px;\">                <div style=\"display: table-cell; width:50%\">                  <div><input type=\"text\" class=\"input_deactive\"name=\"wdform_3_element_first2\" value=\"\" title=\"\"  style=\"width: 100%;\"><\/div>                  <div><label class=\"mini_label\">First<\/label><\/div>                <\/div>                <div style=\"display:table-cell;\"><div style=\"margin: 0px 8px; padding: 0px;\"><\/div><\/div>                <div  style=\"display: table-cell; width:50%\">                  <div><input type=\"text\" class=\"input_deactive\" name=\"wdform_3_element_last2\" value=\"\" title=\"\" style=\"width: 100%;\" ><\/div>                  <div><label class=\"mini_label\">Last<\/label><\/div>                <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div wdid=\"4\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\"><div type=\"type_submitter_mail\" class=\"wdform-field\"  style=\"width:460px\"><div class=\"wdform-label-section\" style=\"float: left;; width: 100px;\"><span class=\"wdform-label\">E-mail:<\/span><span class=\"wdform-required\">*<\/span><\/div><div class=\"wdform-element-section \" style=\" width: 360px;\"><input type=\"text\" class=\"input_deactive\" id=\"wdform_4_element2\" name=\"wdform_4_element2\" value=\"someone@example.com\" title=\"someone@example.com\"  style=\"width: 100%;\" ><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"opacity: 0.4;\" disabled=\"yes\" wdid=\"7\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\"><\/div><div disabled=\"yes\" wdid=\"8\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div disabled=\"yes\" wdid=\"15\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div style=\"opacity: 1;\" wdid=\"22\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\"><div type=\"type_text\" class=\"wdform-field\" style=\"width:470px\"><div class=\"wdform-label-section\" style=\"float: left; width: 100px;\"><span class=\"wdform-label\">Subject:<\/span><span class=\"wdform-required\">*<\/span><\/div><div class=\"wdform-element-section\" style=\" width: 360px;\"  ><input type=\"text\" class=\"input_deactive\" id=\"wdform_22_element2\" name=\"wdform_22_element2\" value=\"\" title=\"\"  style=\"width: 100%;\" ><\/div><\/div><\/div><div disabled=\"yes\" wdid=\"26\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div wdid=\"23\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\"><div type=\"type_textarea\" class=\"wdform-field\"  style=\"width:470px\"><div class=\"wdform-label-section\" style=\"float: left;; width: 100px;\"><span class=\"wdform-label\">Details:<\/span><\/div><div class=\"wdform-element-section \" style=\" width: 360px\"><textarea class=\"input_deactive\" id=\"wdform_23_element2\" name=\"wdform_23_element2\" title=\"\"  style=\"width: 100%; height: 100px;\" ><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><\/div><div wdid=\"25\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\" disabled=\"yes\"><\/div><div wdid=\"27\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\"><div type=\"type_send_copy\" class=\"wdform-field\"><div class=\"wdform-label-section\" style=\"float: left; width: 260px;\"><span class=\"wdform-label\"><label for=\"wdform_27_element2\">Send a copy of this message to yourself:<\/label><\/span><\/div>              <div class=\"wdform-element-section\" style=\"min-width:inherit !important; \" >                <div class=\"checkbox-div\" style=\"left:3px\">                <input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"wdform_27_element2\" name=\"wdform_27_element2\"  \/>                <label for=\"wdform_27_element2\"><\/label>                <\/div>              <\/div><\/div><\/div><div wdid=\"28\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 1;\"><div type=\"type_captcha\" class=\"wdform-field\"><div class=\"wdform-label-section\" style=\" width: 250px;\"><span class=\"wdform-label\">Type the characters you see here:<\/span><\/div><div class=\"wdform-element-section \" style=\"display: block;\"><div style=\"display: table;\"><div style=\"display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;\"><div valign=\"middle\" style=\"display: table-cell; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" type=\"captcha\" digit=\"6\" src=\" https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=ContactFormmakerwdcaptcha&nonce=7c3d9c0bbf&digit=6&i=2\" id=\"wd_captcha2\" class=\"captcha_img\" style=\"display:none\" ><\/div><div valign=\"middle\" style=\"display: table-cell;\"><div class=\"captcha_refresh\" id=\"_element_refresh2\" ><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;\"><div style=\"display: table-cell;\"><input type=\"text\" class=\"captcha_input\" id=\"wd_captcha_input2\" name=\"captcha_input\" style=\"width: 75px;\" ><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div wdid=\"30\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\"><div type=\"type_submit_reset\" class=\"wdform-field\"><div class=\"wdform-label-section\" style=\"display: table-cell;\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform-element-section \" style=\"display: table-cell;\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"button-submit\" onclick=\"check_required2(&quot;submit&quot;, &quot;2&quot;);\" >Submit<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"button-reset\" onclick=\"check_required2(&quot;reset&quot;);\"  >Reset<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><div wdid=\"31\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 1;\"><div type=\"type_editor\" class=\"wdform-field\"><p><span style=\"color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244);\">* Indicates required fields<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div wdid=\"2\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\" disabled=\"yes\"><\/div><div wdid=\"5\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" disabled=\"yes\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div wdid=\"6\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" disabled=\"yes\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div wdid=\"16\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" disabled=\"yes\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div wdid=\"9\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" disabled=\"yes\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div wdid=\"24\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\" disabled=\"yes\"><\/div><div wdid=\"29\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\" disabled=\"yes\"><\/div><div wdid=\"33\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" disabled=\"yes\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><div wdid=\"32\" class=\"wdform_row ui-sortable-handle\" disabled=\"yes\" style=\"opacity: 0.4;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><div class=\"wdform_column ui-sortable\"><\/div><\/div><div valign=\"top\" class=\"wdform_footer\" style=\"width: 100%;\"><div style=\"width: 100%;\"><div style=\"width: 100%; display: table;\"><div style=\"display: table-row-group;\"><div id=\"2contactpage_nav1\" style=\"display: table-row;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wdform_preload\"><\/div><\/form><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" rel=\"license\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/i.creativecommons.org\/l\/by-sa\/3.0\/80x15.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unless otherwise stated all images are Copyright of <strong>Gerald Legg, <em>naturaimaging<\/em><\/strong>. If you would like to use any images, then high resolution ones can be obtained by contacting me.<br><br>This work is licensed under a <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The old wooden groynes at Elmer proved ineffective in maintaining the shingle beach. In order to address the problem offshore breakwaters were installed. The shore defences at Elmer are examples of these breakwaters (see South Downs Coastal Group). This approach as been used to stabilise the coastline at a number of places in the UK <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645\">...continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4645","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Elmer Rock Groynes - chelifer.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Elmer Rock Groynes - chelifer.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The old wooden groynes at Elmer proved ineffective in maintaining the shingle beach. In order to address the problem offshore breakwaters were installed. The shore defences at Elmer are examples of these breakwaters (see South Downs Coastal Group). This approach as been used to stabilise the coastline at a number of places in the UK ...continue reading &rarr;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"chelifer.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-23T15:57:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645\",\"name\":\"Elmer Rock Groynes - chelifer.com\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-01-23T14:35:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-10-23T15:57:02+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/w-areal2.jpg\",\"width\":850,\"height\":575,\"caption\":\"Elmer: Aerial view east\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Elmer Rock Groynes\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/\",\"name\":\"chelifer.com\",\"description\":\"The Wonders of the Natural and not so Natural World\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"chelifer.com\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/w2-GOPR0226algae4-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/w2-GOPR0226algae4-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1439,\"caption\":\"chelifer.com\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Elmer Rock Groynes - chelifer.com","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.chelifer.com\/?page_id=4645","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Elmer Rock Groynes - chelifer.com","og_description":"The old wooden groynes at Elmer proved ineffective in maintaining the shingle beach. In order to address the problem offshore breakwaters were installed. The shore defences at Elmer are examples of these breakwaters (see South Downs Coastal Group). 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